In distributed energy storage applications, hybrid control is an effective approach to expand the wide-range voltage gain of L-LLC resonant converters, while multi-tube parallel synchronous rectification technology is the main method to reduce switch device on-state losses and improve efficiency. This paper analyzes the different operating modes in hybrid control and concludes that the converter operates with the rectifier-side current in an intermittent state. Furthermore, it is found that the synchronization rectification driving timing needs to be coordinated differently with the inverter-side switching timing based on the control method. Therefore, a synchronous rectification control strategy is proposed, which combines the inverter-side switching timing with external detection of the rectifier-side current. Compared to other control strategies, the proposed method does not require complex external detection circuits, and the control approach is simple and less susceptible to stray parameter effects. It is suitable for bi-directional converters in wide-range and high-current applications. Finally, an experimental prototype with a high-side voltage range of 280~430 V, low-side voltage range of 36~54 V, forward power transmission of 25 kW, and reverse power transmission of 2 kW is constructed to verify the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the proposed synchronous rectification control strategy.

With the global increase in demand for sustainable energy, energy storage technology has become a key factor in achieving the green energy transition. Supercapacitors, as an important electrochemical energy storage device, have shown broad application prospects in fields such as consumer electronics, grid frequency regulation, rail transportation, electric buses, military, and aerospace, due to their excellent fast charge-discharge capability, high power density, and long cycle life. This paper mainly reviews the three basic types of supercapacitors: electric double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors, analyzing their energy storage mechanisms and electrode materials, with a focus on the development and classification of lithium-ion capacitors. Additionally, this paper introduces new types of supercapacitor devices and their applications, and compares the safety characteristics of lithium-ion capacitors with lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the significant advantages of lithium-ion capacitors in terms of safety.

With the deepening development of new power systems, the demand for grid-forming technical equipment, such as inertia response, transient support, and rapid frequency and voltage regulation, has become increasingly urgent to address the system stability issues caused by the decreasing proportion of synchronous generator units. Flywheel energy storage, as a rotational mechanical inertia device, possesses inherent advantages for grid-forming operation. At present, flywheel energy storage can operate as an independent energy storage unit connected to the grid through power conversion devices or in combination with synchronous condensers and other equipment. The concept of grid-forming flywheel energy storage is proposed, encompassing typical technological directions such as inertial flywheel synchronous condensers, power-electronics-based grid-connected high-speed flywheel energy storage, and synchronous-machine-based grid-connected high-speed flywheel energy storage. This paper analyzes the grid-forming operation mechanisms, key technologies, and application scenarios, providing valuable references for the research and application of flywheel energy storage.

At high altitudes, the low air density, reduced pressure, and weak convection make traditional air cooling insufficient for meeting the heat dissipation requirements of the energy storage converter PCS. To enhance the heat dissipation performance of the IGBT module in high-altitude areas, a novel optimization design method for PCS liquid cooling radiators using the multi-objective gray wolf optimization algorithm (MOGWO) has been proposed. Initially, a simulation model of an NPC three-level LCL grid-connected inverter was developed using PLECS software to calculate the total power loss of the IGBT module. The IGBT module was then modeled in three dimensions using SolidWorks. Subsequently, a liquid-cooled radiator with a snake-shaped flow path was designed. The radiator’s internal and external structural variables have been optimized using the multi-objective gray wolf optimization algorithm, multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, and multi-objective genetic algorithm. A three-dimensional model of the radiator was created based on these optimization results. Following this, fluid-structure coupling simulations were conducted using finite element analysis in ANSYS-Fluent. The simulation results have been compared, revealing that the heat sink performance is improved the most after MOGWO optimization. Finally, hardware has been assembled based on the optimized design, and its reliability was tested and verified in a high-altitude environment.

Given the vast number and diverse needs of electric vehicles, as well as their varying decision-sensitive factors, a multi-vehicle interaction evolutionary game model within the EV community was established to address potential free-riding behaviors during vehicle-grid interactions. This model analyzes the strategic choice paths of individual EVs driven by expected returns and examines the formation process of interaction strategies among the EV community from a micro perspective. It also establishes the relationship between the average abundance of electric vehicles and influencing factors. Case analysis indicates that increasing the profit-sharing coefficient and discharge price, as well as reducing charging costs and loss coefficients, can enhance the average abundance of electric vehicles. Notably, the profit-sharing coefficient has a more significant effect on abundance adjustment. The study of the internal behavioral evolution mechanism can provide a basis for formulating incentive measures for vehicle-grid interactions.

Hydrogen energy as one of the essential carriers of global energy transition development will play a key role in the future low-carbon integrated energy system. In this paper, based on the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, the investment planning model in the hydrogen-coupled residential integrated energy system of hydrogen energy is established on the basis of consideration of the equipment models, operational characteristics, and investment, operation, and maintenance costs. Firstly, the long-term operational profit of the system is clarified by the typical day method, and the planning objective function is determined according to the income from electricity, heat, and hydrogen energy supply, investment cost, and operation and maintenance cost. Then, it is proposed to ensure the real-time balance of the system power load, hydrogen load, and thermal energy load under the premise of meeting the requirements of different types of energy (electricity, heat, and hydrogen). Finally, the investment planning and optimal allocation of fuel cells, hydrogen refueling stations, and various other types of hydrogen-related equipment and components in the hydrogen-coupled residential integrated energy system are considered. The analysis of the case shows that the proposed planning model also considers the economic operation of the system on the basis of the equipment selection and capacity allocation. By comparing the system economy of multiple possible scenarios under the influence of different external factors, it is shown that with the decrease in the cost of the core equipment of the hydrogen energy, the net income of the system can be significantly improved.

Hydrogen-based integrated energy systems have emerged as effective solutions to address the depletion of fossil fuels and the increasingly pressing challenges posed by climate change. This paper introduces an adaptive optimal energy dispatch method based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) to enhance the operational efficiency of hydrogen-based integrated energy systems. The optimal dispatch problem is formulated as a Markov Decision Process with action space, environmental states, and action-value function. Leveraging policy gradients and neural networks, we propose the DDPG-based optimal energy dispatch method, which enables adaptive optimization based on the dynamic responses of the hydrogen-based integrated energy system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through case studies.

In offshore wind power via VSC-HVDC systems, the surplus power generated after an AC grid fault can lead to overvoltage in DC cables. In order to prevent the generation of DC overvoltage, a DC Chopper is generally configured at the side of the receiver converter station, which is put into consumption of surplus power under fault conditions to realize the balance of the system’s power at the sending and receiving ends. In this paper, three DC energy consumption programs, namely, switching valve section series centralized resistor, distributed resistor, and sub-module series centralized resistor, were simulated and compared, and the topologies and working principles of the three types of DC Choppers were introduced. Based on the actual parameters of the Rudong offshore wind power via VSC-HVDC project, a system model was constructed under PSCAD/EMTDC to realize the working process of the above three DC Choppers. The characteristics and FRT performance during the operation of the three DC Choppers were compared, and the advantages and disadvantages of the three DC Choppers were analyzed. The research results show that the distributed energy consumption resistor scheme provides the best control effect but at the highest cost; the series-connected centralized energy consumption resistor for switch valve sections offers the worst control effect but at the lowest cost; the submodule series-connected centralized energy consumption resistor scheme falls between the two in terms of various indicators. This study can provide a reference for the selection of DC energy consumption devices in offshore wind farm VSC-HVDC grid-connected systems.

In response to the challenges of computational burden and lengthy switching behavior encountered when employing Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) for diode Neutral Point Clamped (NPC)-type three-level grid-connected inverters, this paper proposes a simplified model predictive control strategy based on an event-triggered mechanism. The strategy effectively reduces the number of switching vectors that need to be traversed and optimized by introducing a large sector division and judgment mechanism based on the traditional model predictive control method, thereby reducing computation time. Simultaneously, active damping techniques are applied to mitigate the risk of LCL-type filter resonance during system operation. Leveraging inequality approximation theory, the preset threshold of state error for event-triggered control is derived. Upon reaching the event-triggered boundary, the control rule is altered, triggering FCS-MPC, thus avoiding redundant operations and reducing the number of switching transitions, consequently lowering the system’s switching losses. The superiority of the proposed control method over traditional proportional-integral space-vector pulse-width modulation control and cost function optimization model predictive control methods is validated through comparative experiments.

Zero-sequence voltage and current based single phase grounding fault detection and location methods in non-effectively grounded distribution network have limitations in practical use due to the lack of zero-sequence CT and PT in some cases. To deal with this problem, transient characteristics of the fault components of phase current under single phase grounding fault are analyzed based on the Karrenbauer Transformation and the single phase grounding fault detection method and section location method are proposed. PSCAD-based simulation results and verification results based on fault recording data show that the proposed method behaves well when single phase grounding fault with different impedances occurs in different sections. Besides, the proposed method can select the faulty phase automatically without using voltage signals, which is suitable for all IEDs.

In order to more effectively control the real-time power flow of power grid interfaces, the optimization method of demand side resources participating in real-time control of interface power flow was studied. Firstly, the identification method of key interfaces in the power grid was studied, and a key interface identification method that takes into account both topology structure and power flow transfer ratio was proposed; Secondly, taking two types of demand side resources, interruptible loads and electric vehicles, as examples, the adjustable ability to participate in real-time control of interface power flow was analyzed and evaluated; Subsequently, a real-time control optimization model for interface power flow considering demand side resources was established, and a two-step solution method was proposed that takes into account both solution speed and calculation accuracy; Finally, the IEEE118 power grid model was used as an example for calculation and analysis. Research shows that the collaborative participation of demand side resources in real-time control of interface power flow has a lower adjustment cost as compared to solely through generators. The fundamental reason is that the power grid power flow is controlled mainly by increasing or decreasing the load of is less changed, so that generators can operate near the economic optimal range. demand side resources, and the output of generators

As the construction of the novel power system continues to advance, the cooperative development of source-grid-load-storage is inevitable. However, under the background of “dual-carbon”, the existing source-grid-load-storage cooperative optimization scheduling method does not take into account enough factors such as carbon emission. It is difficult to support the low-carbon development of the novel power system. In this paper, firstly, dynamic carbon emission factors are introduced to propose a low-carbon demand response mechanism driven by both benefits and low carbon, and a low-carbon demand response model is built to accommodate the economic cost and low carbon emission. Secondly, based on the theory of carbon emission flow, a source-grid-load-storage synergistic day-ahead economic dispatch model is constructed considering the carbon flow constraints, which helps the power system to operate with carbon reduction. Subsequently, in order to deal with the nonlinearities introduced by the consideration of carbon flow constraints, a decomposition method is used to deal with them, which is solved by alternating iterations of the two subproblems: low-carbon scheduling and carbon flow calculation. Finally, through the IEEE-14 node system, we implemented the cooperative optimization scheduling for source-grid-load-storage coordination considering low-carbon demand response. The results show that the proposed model and method can effectively balance the carbon and economy, and promote the cooperative development of each section of source-grid-load-storage in the context of the “dual-carbon”.

Multi-energy systems consisting of electricity, heating and natural gas networks are recognized as an important strategy for reducing carbon emissions from the energy sector. The combination of hydrogen utilization and hydrogen-doped transportation offers great potential to achieve deep decarbonization without adding additional construction costs. However, traditional steady-state models and ideal dynamic cases are not sufficient to accurately characterize the real thermal properties of multi-energy systems, and there is a need for a more in-depth study of the dynamic energy transport process in the network. In this paper, a dynamic model of a multi-energy system containing hydrogen-rich compressed natural gas (HCNG) based on the generalized phase volume modeling approach is proposed. The model analyzes the thermodynamic behavior of energy media in various energy networks. Numerical studies demonstrate the benefits of the proposed multi-energy system model, especially in terms of operational cost reduction and renewable energy consumption.

In recent years, increasingly frequent meteorological disasters such as typhoons, ice disasters, earthquakes, and high temperatures have seriously threatened the safe and reliable operation of the power system. Large-scale power grid accidents under extreme meteorological disasters have resulted in extremely high social and economic losses. Therefore, accurate and effective power system failure prediction method is of great significance. However, the traditional method considers a relatively single type of failure influencing factors and fails to simultaneously consider multiple factors such as meteorology, geography, and power grid. Considering the spatial distribution and temporal evolution characteristics of extreme meteorological disasters, the spatiotemporal correlation of failures is also a key factor in prediction. Therefore, this paper proposes a power system failure prediction method meteorological disasters based on convolution long-short term memory neural network. A power system failure prediction data set is established containing meteorological, geographical, and power grid data. This paper proposes a multi-source data analysis method based on convolutional neural network which can efficiently extract the spatial correlation of failures. A failure sequential prediction method with a double-layer network structure is designed based on the long-short term memory algorithm, which achieves effective characterization of failure temporal correlation. Finally a CNN-LSTM framework is proposed to improve accuracy of failure prediction under meteorological disaster. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are verified through the historical meteorological data of typhoons Mikala and Lubi as well as the geographical and power grid data of a certain area on the southeastern coast of China.

Aiming at the load spike problem caused by large-scale electric vehicles (EV) entering the grid, especially the fast charging behavior, this paper proposes a two-stage optimal scheduling strategy for microgrids that takes into account the characteristics of EV charging behavior. Firstly, based on the V2G characteristics and time-sharing tariff system, a function model considering EV charging and discharging costs and the peak-to-valley difference of microgrid loads is constructed, and an optimal EV charging and discharging strategy to achieve peak shaving and valley filling of loads is formulated; secondly, the output of each power generation unit or grid with the goal of minimizing the microgrid operating costs and environmental costs is optimized, and the optimal solution is determined by the entropy weighting method; lastly, the two-phase optimization model is divided into grid-connected and islanded modes for joint solution using CPLEX solver and improved MOIDBO algorithm, respectively. The simulation results prove that the strategy proposed in this paper realizes peak shaving and valley filling while guaranteeing the EV charging demand, reduces the charging cost of EV users, and improves the economy of the microgrid system containing a high proportion of EV charging loads.

As the modern power system continues to evolve, the formation of large-scale interconnected network structures has become increasingly prominent. This development has led to a significant increase in low-frequency oscillation phenomena within the power system, posing a serious challenge to its safe and stable operation. Identifying the modes in low-frequency oscillation signals is a critical prerequisite for implementing appropriate measures or strategies to suppress these oscillations in the power system. To this end, this paper proposes a novel method for the modal identification of low-frequency oscillations in power systems based on deep learning and variational mode decomposition. This method initially employs the variational mode decomposition algorithm for noise reduction in low-frequency oscillation signals. Subsequently, a convolutional neural network is utilized to recognize the order of the denoised low-frequency oscillation signals. This recognition is then combined with the variational mode decomposition algorithm to separate the modes of the low-frequency oscillation signals. Finally, a multilayer perceptron is used to identify the parameters of each separated low-frequency oscillation mode, thereby accomplishing the modal identification of low-frequency oscillations. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in identifying low-frequency oscillation modes in power systems are validated through multiple simulation case studies.

With the surge in the number of new energy vehicles, the stable operation of electric vehicle charging facilities has become particularly critical for grid security and user rights protection. In this study, an in-depth analysis is conducted for the fault prediction of EV charging piles. Firstly, the user’s charging behavior is studied based on kernel density estimation, and the temporal correlations of charging onset, duration, and end moments are explored, and a non-Euclidean domain data modeling method is proposed accordingly. Further, the study introduces Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CCN), develops a GCN-CNN joint deep learning model to effectively capture the complex nonlinear relationship between fault classification and data features. Through ablation and algorithm comparison experiments on real datasets, this model achieves a superior performance of 0.844 for both F1score and G-mean on the validation set, which improves the average performance over other models by 6.28% and 6.04%, respectively. This study provides an innovative solution for charging pile fault prediction, which helps to reduce O&M costs and improve detection efficiency.

Molten salt heat storage utilizes liquid salt to absorb heat as the temperature increases and release heat as the temperature decreases. The molten salt used for heat storage is generally a eutectic mixed salt formed by mixing two or more inorganic salts in a certain proportion, which has the advantages of wide liquid temperature range, large temperature difference, high heat storage density, and long service life. Molten salt thermal storage generally uses a dual tank liquid sensible heat storage scheme, which has the advantages of constant inlet and outlet parameters of the heat storage and release heat exchanger/electric heater, small temperature difference between hot fluid outlet and hot salt tank, and simple control. It has a wide range of application scenarios in the fields of solar thermal power generation, peak shaving system of coal-fired unit aided by molten salt heat storage, molten salt direct/heat pump thermal storage and power generation, molten salt thermal storage for heating and steam supply, compressed air energy storage and compressed heat storage, etc. It is a medium to long term energy storage technology with low-cost, large capacity and long-life. The key technologies and difficulties of molten salt thermal storage are the research and development of mixed molten salt and its composite thermal storage materials with low melting point, high decomposition temperature, low corrosion, low-cost and thermally stable, the research and development of large inlet and outlet temperature difference molten salt heat exchangers and high-voltage molten salt electric heaters, and the integrated regulation and optimization of a new energy system coupled with molten salt thermal storage. At present, more than 30 integrated large capacity thermal storage solar thermal power plants have been put into commercial operation worldwide (with a total installed capacity of over 3 million kilowatts). The longest molten salt thermal storage solar thermal power plant has been successfully operating for 18 years. In recent years, in China, Huaneng Weijiamao, Guoxin Jingjiang, Huaneng Haimen, Shandong Dezhou and other thermal power plants have successively built several molten salt thermal storage peak shaving demonstration projects. At the same time, several molten salt thermal storage heating and steam supply demonstration projects have also been built in Hebei, Beijing, Zhejiang and other places. The Liaohe Oilfield has built an electric molten salt energy storage injection test station. At present, Beijing University of Technology has successfully developed a series of low melting point, high decomposition temperature, wide liquid temperature range mixed molten salt optimization formulas with melting points between 100~160 ℃ and decomposition temperatures between 560~740 ℃, and has been widely used in molten salt heat transfer and storage engineering for a long time. Zhejiang Green Storage, Huayuan Frontline and other companies have successively developed high-voltage molten salt electric heaters.

Slide mode variable structure control is widely used in permanent magnet motor control system due to its good robustness and response speed. However, the traditional sliding mode control still has problems such as convergence speed and vibration. In order to further improve the control performance, a modified fuzzy integral terminal sliding mode variable structure controller is designed based on the traditional sliding mode variable structure control. By combining the linear function and the nonlinear function, the error has faster convergence, faster output speed response and smaller steady-state error. By introducing fuzzy control and using continuous saturation function sat(s) instead of the symbol function sgn(s), the system speed is dynamically adjusted and smoothly switched, and the overall anti-interference ability of the system is improved and the system output vibration is weakened. The results of simulation and physical experiment show that fuzzy integral terminal sliding mode variable structure control effectively reduces chattering while improving system response speed. It proves that the designed control strategy has the advantages of improving the robustness of the system and weakening the vibration of the system.

Acetylene is a characteristic gas generated by high temperature overheating and various discharge faults inside transformers. Acetylene causes oil degradation and reduces insulation performance, as well as acid corrosion of metal surface inside transformers; The alarm value for acetylene content during operation of ultra-high voltage transformers is determined to be 1 μL/L, but the current research on dissolved gas prediction models in transformer oil has a significant prediction error for gas concentrations below 1 μL/L. This paper proposes a VMD-LSTM prediction model to accurately predict the low concentration of acetylene in transformer oil. Variational mode decomposition(VMD)is used to decompose acetylene time series data into intrinsic mode function(IMF), and the tolerance parameters are adjusted to reduce the impact of data noise on the model. The long short-term memory(LSTM)is combined for prediction. The prediction performance of the proposed model is verified, the root mean square error of the prediction model is 0010 9, the mean absolute error is 0008 7, and the mean absolute percentage error is 1641%, it means that a very ideal predictive effect is achieved.

Gravity energy storage technology based on solid weights is expected to become one of the important energy storage technologies in the water-scarce areas in the future due to its advantages of independent of water resources, flexible location and abundant resources, high efficiency, and no self-discharge, and can well meet the demand of energy storage technology for new energy power system. However, due to the discreteness and non-fluidity of solid objects, power fluctuations will occur during the load/unload and acceleration/deceleration process of solid objects, and will simultaneously have a certain impact on mechanical transmission and power grid systems. In addition, the heavy-load lifting machinery is still difficult to meet the needs of energy storage systems in terms of power, efficiency and stability currently. This paper first introduces the principle and classification of solid gravity energy storage technology, and puts forward the key scientific and technical problems that need to be solved. And then, aimed at three typical gravity energy storage technologies, such as underground shaft, ground building and mountain slope, the research status and challenges of the key technologies such as heavy load lifting, automatic connection and horizontal transfer, grid connection and power smoothing are analyzed, and then the engineering application status of three technologies are given. Finally, the future development trend of three gravity energy storage technologies is forecast.

Aiming at the problem of large fluctuation of wind-solar energy access to power grid, this paper studies the power distribution strategy of electro-hydrogen energy storage system based on multi-type electrolytic cell to stabilize wind-solar fluctuation, and the key role of this strategy in capacity optimization configuration. First of all, an electro-hydrogen energy storage system model is constructed. In order to enhance the applicability of the existing decomposition methods, a multi-granularity wind-solar power decomposition method considering time-of-use electricity price is proposed. Then, based on the operation characteristics of two types of electrolytic cells, a high proportion of hydrogen storage power allocation strategy based on multi-type electrolytic cells is formulated, and on this basis, an optimal capacity configuration model of electro-hydrogen energy storage system to alleviate the impact of wind and solar fluctuations is constructed. Finally, several comparative examples are analyzed. The results show that compared with the traditional single hydrogen storage power allocation method, the strategy proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the capacity and power allocation of electrochemical energy storage while strengthening the fluctuation suppression ability, improve the overall economy of the system, and highlight the leading role of hydrogen energy storage in the process of regulation and consumption.

Aimed at the problem that measurement of DC magnetization curve of magnetic component is difficult in a wide range, in this paper, the DC excitation method is proposed to measure the intrinsic DC magnetization curve of magnetic component. The measuring principle is analyzed in detail and the automated measurement platform is built. The on time and off time of the switch is controlled reasonably through the communication of the host and lower computer, the voltage and current are sampled by high-precision sampling instrument, and then the data are processed. Based on the measurement platform, the sources of error are evaluated and addressed, the proposed method is used to measure the DC magnetization curve of magnetic component in a wide range of magnetic flux density. The air-core inductor whose permeability is permeability of vacuum μ0 is used to verify measurement accuracy of this proposed method. Finally, the DC magnetization curves of ferrite and magnetic powder core are measured by DC excitation method, and the results are compared with the measurement results of large signal AC method.

Open-circuit faults in gate drivers are typical failures of power devices, and accurate diagnosis of such faults can help improve the operational reliability of power electronic converters. Aiming at the deficiencies of existing fault diagnosis methods, a novel inverter power device gate driver open-circuit fault diagnosis method based on a DenseNet-ViT network is proposed: Firstly, normalization and augmentation processing are performed on sampled data to form three types of datasets: training set, validation set, and test set. Secondly, a DenseNet-ViT model is constructed to achieve enhanced extraction of fault features, and the model is trained using fault data. Finally, the validation set is used to conduct model testing, selecting the best-performing model. This method was applied to a three-level NPC inverter, detailing its modulation principle and the modeling process of the fault diagnosis model for this specific power converter topology, explaining the stochastic gradient descent function used in the model training process, and setting up an experimental platform for verification. Experimental results show that compared with other mainstream diagnostic methods, the proposed method has certain advantages in terms of floating-point computations, model parameters, and algorithm runtime.

Carbon dioxide energy storage technology stands out as an efficient, stable, flexible and cost-effective solution in the realm of novel energy storage technologies. It provides powerful safeguard for the new energy system construction of China, and has promising prospects for future development. The paper first introduced the overall research progress of CO2 energy storage. And then, the basic principles and advantages, engineering applications as well as improvement ideas of gas-liquid phase change CO2 energy storage system were illustrated. Finally, the future prospects of CO2 energy storage technologies were outlined, providing valuable insights and references for subsequent research in this field.

With the increase in the power density of the permanent magnet synchronous motor, the rational design of its cooling structure to restrain the temperature rise has become the key point of motor design. In this paper, a 2.1 kW, 3 600 r/min permanent magnet synchronous motor is taken as the object, based on fluid mechanics and heat transfer theory, a three-dimensional fluid-structure conjugate heat transfer model is established, and the fluid flow and temperature rise distribution inside the motor are studied by using the finite volume method. In order to solve the problem of heat dissipation of the permanent magnet, a completely enclosed self-circulation cooling system with multiple spiral ventilation holes in the rotor axis is proposed. The spiral vent rotates synchronously with the rotor, and its pipe wall can be regarded as an axial-flow fan driving cooling air to form a cycle. According to the self-circulating air cooling structure, the influence of different spiral hole circumferential cross Angles on heat dissipation performance was analyzed, and the fully enclosed self-circulating cooling scheme was designed. The research work in this paper can provide some reference value for improving the heat dissipation performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors.

The static push-to-recline rotary guided drilling system needs to provide stable electric power from the rotating mandrel to the circuit system on the non-rotating jacket in the process of guided drilling, and the traditional slip-ring electric power supply method has problems such as sealing failure, etc. The wireless electric power supply method based on the magnetic resonance coupling method can improve the stability of the power transmission in the process of rotating, however, the ultra-high temperature environment and dynamic rotating working conditions in downhole work put forward new requirements for the magnetic coupling structure. In this paper, based on the study of the impact of ultra-high temperature on the performance of the magnetic coupling mechanism, a rotary magnetic coupling mechanism design method is proposed, and further optimization design is carried out by orthogonal test method. Experiments show that the magnetic coupling mechanism designed based on the method proposed in this paper reduces the electromagnetic loss by 32.8% and increases the mutual inductance by 38.6% in the high temperature environment and under the rotating working condition, and the mutual inductance changes by no more than 3.00% without the addition of ferrite, and the mutual inductance changes by no more than 3.40% after the addition of ferrite.

With the integration of large-scale clean energy sources such as wind/light and the operation of more and more DC lines, the voltage safety issue of AC/DC power grids is becoming increasingly prominent, and how to determine the safe range of grid voltage under N-1 faults is an important problem to be selected it. The existing methods mostly focus on the static characteristics of the power system, and fail to fully consider its dynamic characteristics and fail to achieve an effective balance between calculation speed and accuracy. In response to this issue, this article proposes an adaptive dynamic dimensionality reduction method, which involves dimensionality reduction from the fault dimension, reactive voltage dimension, and reactive equipment dimension. The original voltage safety domain problem is simplified using the first-order trajectory sensitivity method, and error analysis is performed to verify the dimensionality reduction effect. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method were tested using an improved IEEE 39 node system. And the accuracy of the proposed method is further verified in terms of reactive power reserve optimization.

With the gradual promotion of the construction of the new power system, offshore wind power, tidal energy, and other offshore renewable energies have made considerable progress. At the same time, the demand for flexible underwater energy storage resources has become increasingly urgent. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress and development prospects of underwater compressed air energy storage. Firstly, the basic principles and technical features of underwater compressed air energy storage systems are introduced. Secondly, the representative demonstration projects and current development status of underwater compressed air energy storage systems at home and abroad are summarized. Thirdly, the key technologies of underwater compressed air energy storage are outlined, including underwater gas storage, heat storage, anchoring, and other assistant operation technologies. Finally, based on the current technical bottlenecks, the future research direction and application research focus of underwater compressed air energy storage are clarified. This paper aims to provide reference for the research in the field of underwater energy storage and to improve the coordinated development of offshore renewable energy and energy storage technology.

In order to conduct research on the operation of new power systems with high proportion of new energy integration, it is necessary to characterize the operational characteristics of photovoltaic power generation systems accurately. The photovoltaic control parameters have a significant impact on the operational characteristics, so accurate and efficient parameter identification of the control parameters is an important link in achieving characteristic description and system analysis. After analyzing the accuracy and convergence efficiency of traditional parameter identification methods such as Least Square Method, Maximum Likelihood Method, Differential Evolution, and Simplex Method, a Simplex-taboo Search algorithm with good balance of accuracy and convergence efficiency is proposed. Taking the identification of the inner and outer loop parameters of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter as an example, given different initial values of each parameter, the relative error between the identification result and the target value of the algorithm is within an acceptable range and less than 1%. The number of iterations is significantly reduced compared with the traditional parameter identification method, and the convergence efficiency is improved by more than 60%, which reflects the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm.

In the grid-connected control of multiphase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) flywheel energy storage systems, maintaining stable DC bus voltage and ensuring fast response of grid-side instantaneous active power are critical requirements. However, conventional control strategies often suffer from slow dynamic response and large steady-state deviations. To address these issues, this paper proposes a grid-connected control strategy for a high-speed flywheel energy storage system driven by a six-phase PMSM. Corresponding control methods are designed for the three sequential stages of the grid-connection process: flywheel acceleration, grid-connection preparation, and grid-connected operation.During the acceleration stage, the DC bus voltage is controlled by the grid-side converter, while the flywheel speed is regulated by the motor-side converter. In the preparation and operation stages, the motor-side converter maintains the DC bus voltage, and the grid-side converter controls the power delivered to the grid. Simulation results based on a six-phase PMSM mathematical model verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The system achieves stable DC bus voltage during grid-connected operation and demonstrates faster power response compared to conventional methods. Under step changes in power commands of 100 kW, 200 kW, 300 kW, 400 kW, and 500 kW, the response time is reduced by 3 ms, 9 ms, 14 ms, 27 ms, and 53 ms.

Synchronous generator is one of the core components of power grid, so to obtain its correct and accurate parameter model is the basis of power system analysis and calculation. In this paper, the RTDS model of synchronous generator is established. Then, based on the equivalent circuit diagram, flux chain equation and voltage equation of synchronous generator, the transient stator current expression of single-phase grounding short circuit is derived. The objective is to minimize the sum of squared standardized errors between the calculated values of short-circuit current. The results are obtained by comparing the single-phase grounded short-circuit current test values with the identified parameters, the migration model of Seagull algorithm is improved by adding convergence factor, and the identification method of single-phase grounding sequence impedance parameters of synchronous generator is proposed. Finally, the short circuit test of the actual synchronous generator is compared with the simulation of the identification parameters RTDS, and the validity of the proposed identification method is verified. Based on the fault current of short-circuit test and the fast convergence characteristic of the improved Seagull optimization algorithm, the accuracy of parameter identification of synchronous generator is improved by combining experimental measurement with intelligent algorithm.

In order to improve the transmission efficiency of boost push-pull bidirectional DC/DC converter, this paper analyzes the working characteristics of the converter and deduces the operating range with the highest efficiency. Firstly, according to the relationship between the duty cycle of the driving signal and the shift phase in the working process of the system, 12 working modes of the converter are proposed, and the effective value of the transmission inductance current, power transmission characteristics, return power characteristics and soft switching characteristics of each mode are analyzed in detail. Secondly, according to the relationship between the driving signal duty cycle D and the primary and secondary phase shift angle φ, the working range of the converter which can realize soft switching and no return power operation in the full load range is deduced, so that the transmission efficiency of the system can be optimized. Finally, an experimental platform is built to verify the correctness of the conclusions, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of circuit parameters and control parameters of boost push-pull bidirectional DC/DC converter.

Doubly fed wind farm via DC transmission system contains a large number of nonlinear switches and controls, which is easy to cause oscillation instability. Most of the existing studies on the stability analysis of large-scale wind farms are based on simplified models, and their rationality in broadband has not been fully verified. This paper takes the doubly fed wind farm through line commutated converter high voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) as the analysis scenario, first establishes the detailed impedance model of the wind farm, and establishes the equivalent impedance model of a single machine of the wind farm according to the equivalent method of the wind farm, and verifies the accuracy of the equivalent model through simulation comparison. On this basis, combined with the impedance model of LCC-HVDC, the impedance analysis circuit of the wind power transmission system via DC is established, and the instability factors and mechanisms of the interconnected system under different operating conditions are analyzed. It is found that both the number of wind turbines and the power of DC transmission have a significant impact on the stability of the system.

Flywheel energy storage technology as an efficient and long-lasting physical energy storage method effectively addresses the grid volatility issues caused by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. It is an essential part of the modern energy transition. However, the widespread application of flywheel energy storage faces technical challenges, including high costs and rotor fatigue life issues. This paper reviews the development and application of flywheel energy storage technology, with a focus on the design optimization and fatigue life analysis of flywheel rotors. To enhance energy storage density and reduce costs, significant research has been conducted on rotor shape and structural optimization, including designs for various types of disk-shaped and cylindrical structures. Frequent charging and discharging during high-speed operation cause stress variations, which in turn affect the rotor’s fatigue life. Therefore, predicting rotor fatigue life has become a key area of research. Traditional stress-strain-based fatigue life prediction methods have certain limitations under complex loading and multi-axial fatigue conditions. However, recent advancements in new prediction methods based on energy approaches, critical plane methods, and neural networks have shown stronger adaptability and accuracy. In particular, combining traditional methods with artificial intelligence technologies has greatly improved the accuracy of fatigue life predictions. In summary, significant progress has been made in materials, structural optimization, and fatigue life prediction for flywheel energy storage technology. However, challenges such as cost control and long-life design still need to be addressed in order to promote its widespread adoption in large-scale energy storage and grid frequency regulation applications.

Pumped storage is a large-scale long-term energy storage system with the best comprehensive performance, which will provide important support for the new power system dominated by new energy. However, the resources of pumped storage sites in our country are seriously insufficient, and are far from meeting the actual demand. At the same time, the seasonal output of new energy fluctuates greatly, which does not match the seasonal changes of power load, and puts forward a higher demand for the development of large-scale cross-seasonal energy storage. In view of this, research on new pumped storage systems has been carried out at home and abroad in recent years, dedicated to solving the above problems by expanding the resources and models of pumped storage. This paper defines and classifies new pumped energy storage systems, including underground pumped storage, underwater pumped storage, semi-underground pumped storage, cross-seasonal and cross-regional pumped storage, and energy storage systems based on compressed air/pumped water.

With the ongoing penetration of renewable energy (RE) in power systems, power systems need to face many challenges brought by a large number of random fluctuation power access. The deep peak regulation for thermal power plants inevitably increases carbon emissions and reduces the unit lifecycle. To solve these problems, it is urgent to configure energy storage power stations at the source end of RE power stations. This can make the RE power station coupled energy storage systems have flexible characteristics in general. This paper proposes a source-end energy storage configuration method of RE power stations. The wind-solar power stations coupled energy storage systems are approximately equivalent to the thermal power unit in power and electricity.Combined with the solar, wind and load data of different provinces in China, the installed capacity of wind and solar power stations required for equivalent thermal power is determined according to the principle of intraday energy balance. On this basis, this paper combines with the operation characteristics of different energy storage power systems and optimize the energy storage capacity for the RE to generate consistent power with thermal power. Meanwhile, for the comprehensive utilization of regional wind and solar power stations, this paper considers the spatial-temporal complementarity of solar energy and wind energy. To verify the effectiveness of the method, the wind-solar power and load demands across northern regions in China are used for case analysis. The results reveal that the wind-solar power stations coupled energy storage systems can flexibly respond to the power and energy balance needs with daily load changes. Additionally, fully utilizing the spatial-temporal complementarity of solar and wind energy resources can reduce the demands for energy storage capacity of the system.

Digital control delay may cause instability in LCL-filtered grid-connected inverters (LCL-GCI). In high-power distribution scenarios, the GCI mainly operates in low switching frequency (LSF) condition, where the oscillation caused by digital control delay becomes particularly intricate. Previous active damping schemes are addressed to issues of high-frequency oscillation in the band around the LCL resonant peak, whereas less attention has been paid to the solution of the grid-connected system destabilization in LSF condition. This paper analyzes the stability of LCL-GCI system, where the occurrence of the double-resonance-band in LSF condition originates from the LCL resonant peak and current control loop respectively. A novel dual-feedback based active damping (AD) scheme is proposed and designed to eliminate the double-resonance-band in LSF condition, while maintaining system stability across a broad range of switching frequency. The proposed AD scheme is subjected to simulations by PLECS and the results confirm its efficacy.

In the context of the “dual carbon” goals, to enhance energy utilization efficiency and reduce carbon emissions during system operation, a low-carbon economic dispatch model based on the carbon-green certificate linked trading mechanism is proposed for hydrogen-integrated energy systems. Firstly, the heat loss and waste heat recovery in the process of electrolysis hydrogen production are considered on the source side, and a multi-link hydrogen operation process model is established for hydrogen production from electrolyzer, hydrogen to methane, and hydrogen to cogeneration; secondly, a green certificate trading model is introduced to consider the mutual recognition between the green certificates and the carbon quota, and the carbon-green certificate linked trading mechanism is proposed, and a comprehensive demand response model that can be shifted and reduced is considered on the load side; finally, a low carbon economic dispatching model is proposed based on the cost of purchasing energy, green certificate linkage transaction cost and demand response compensation cost and minimum as the objective function to establish the optimal scheduling model. By setting up different operation scenarios for comparative analysis, the effectiveness of the model proposed in this paper is verified to realize the low-carbon economic operation of the integrated energy system.

In order to alleviate the double contradiction of power curtailment and power shortage caused by insufficient flexibility of power system with high proportion of new energy, an optimal operation model of industrial load aggregation response for improving the flexibility of provincial power grid was established. Firstly, the wavelet packet decomposition technology is used to calculate the electricity consumption correlation coefficient of upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain. The industrial load response model, which takes into account the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain as well as process flow constraints, is established based on the concept of “virtual inventory”. Then, taking into account the operational constraints of the source-network-load-storage side of the power system, with the goal of minimizing the flexibility resource invocation cost and system flexibility gap cost, the decision variables of production equipment participating in demand response were integrated into the production simulation model, and an optimal operation model of industrial load aggregation response for the flexibility improvement of provincial power grid was established. Finally, based on the actual operation data of the provincial power grid and the actual production data of 80 enterprises upstream and downstream of multiple industrial chains, the simulation analysis is carried out. The results demonstrate that the established industrial load response model can effectively alleviate the new energy power curtailment and load power shortage in the system under the premise that the enterprise production capacity is not affected, and the flexibility adjustment potential of industrial load release is greater after considering the upstream and downstream constraints of the industrial chain.